Similar tree species richness-productivity response but differing effects on carbon stocks and timber production in eastern US and continental Spain

Unimodal response of tree species richness to increases in aboveground productivity is evident grasslands but a lesser extent forests, where confounding factors (e.g., abiotic and management regimes) may alter the compromise delivery ecosystem services. We hypothesize that unimodal biomass accumulation through increased leads greater above ground carbon (AGC) stocks thus climate regulation not necessarily higher timber volume production for human consumption across portions North American European forests. first evaluated biodiversity-productivity pattern assessed if addition potential variables altered response. Afterwards, we integrated direct indirect effects modelling stock volume. confirm an increase concomitant with up optimum value both regions. Tree had marginal effect on trade-off eastern US. Biomass lower plantations than natural although richness. Naturally-regenerated forests needed as much double number reach same stocks. Distinct services (AGC volume) showed unique pathways achieving their maximum provisioning. As increasing forest resilience global change requires fundamental understanding how combine changing climatic conditions drive provisioning various services, further examination this study's findings additional biogeographical regions lead way unraveling such dynamics empowering adaptive management.